Polynomials
Chapter 2
Exercise 2.4
EX 2.4 QUESTION 1.
Determine which of the following polynomials has (x +1) a factor.
(i) x3+x2+x +1
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(iv) x3 – x2 – (2 +√2 )x + √2
Solution:
x + 1 = 0
x = -1
The zero of x + 1 is -1.
(i) Let p (x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
∴ p (-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 .
= -1 + 1 – 1 + 1
⇒ p (- 1) = 0
So, (x+ 1) is a factor of x3 + x2 + x + 1.
(ii) Let p (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
∴ P(-1) = (-1)4 + (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1)+1
= 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 + 1
⇒ P (-1) ≠ 1
So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x4 + x3 + x2 + x+ 1.
(iii) Let p (x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1 .
∴ p (-1)= (-1)4 + 3 (-1)3 + 3 (-1)2 + (- 1) + 1
= 1 – 3 + 3 – 1 + 1 = 1
⇒ p (-1) ≠ 0
So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x+ 1.
(iv) Let p (x) = x3 – x2 – (2 + √2) x + √2
∴ p (- 1) =(- 1)3- (-1)2 – (2 + √2)(-1) + √2
= -1 – 1 + 2 + √2 + √2
= 2√2
⇒ p (-1) ≠ 0
So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x3 – x2 – (2 + √2) x + √2.
EX 2.4 QUESTION 2.
Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g (x) is a factor of p (x) in each of the following cases
(i) p (x)= 2x3 + x2 – 2x – 1, g (x) = x + 1
(ii) p(x)= x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g (x) = x + 2
(iii) p (x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6, g (x) = x – 3
Solution:
(I) p(x) = 2x3+x2–2x–1, g(x) = x+1
g(x) = 0
⇒ x+1 = 0
⇒ x = −1
∴Zero of g(x) is -1.
Now,
p(−1) = 2(−1)3+(−1)2–2(−1)–1
= −2+1+2−1
= 0
∴By factor theorem, p(-1) = 0 so g(x) is a factor of p(x).
(ii) p(x)=x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x+2
p(x) = x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x+2
g(x) = 0
⇒ x+2 = 0
⇒ x = −2
∴ Zero of g(x) is -2.
Now,
p(−2) = (−2)3+3(−2)2+3(−2)+1
= −8+12−6+1
= −1 ≠ 0
∴By factor theorem, p(-2) ≠ 0, so g(x) is not a factor of p(x).
(iii) p(x)=x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x–3
p(x) = x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x -3
g(x) = 0
⇒ x−3 = 0
⇒ x = 3
∴ Zero of g(x) is 3.
Now,
p(3) = (3)3−4(3)2+(3)+6
= 27−36+3+6
= 0
∴By factor theorem, p(3) = 0, so g(x) is a factor of p(x).
EX 2.4 QUESTION 3.
Find the value of k, if x – 1 is a factor of p (x) in each of the following cases
(i) p (x) = x2 + x + k
(ii) p (x) = 2x2 + kx + √2
(iii) p (x) = kx2 – √2 x + 1
(iv) p (x) = kx2 – 3x + k
Solution:
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0
By Factor Theorem
⇒ (1)2+(1)+k = 0
⇒ 1+1+k = 0
⇒ 2+k = 0
⇒ k = −2
(ii) p(x) = 2x2+kx+√2
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
⇒ 2(1)2+k(1)+√2 = 0
⇒ 2+k+√2 = 0
⇒ k = −(2+√2)
(iii) p(x) = kx2–√2x+1
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
By Factor Theorem
⇒ k(1)2-√2(1)+1=0
⇒ k = √2-1
(iv) p(x)=kx2–3x+k
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0
By Factor Theorem
⇒ k(1)2–3(1)+k = 0
⇒ k−3+k = 0
⇒ 2k−3 = 0
⇒ k= 3/2
EX 2.4 QUESTION 4.
Factorise
(i) 12x2 – 7x +1
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
(iii) 6x2 + 5x – 6
(iv) 3x2 – x – 4
Solution:
(I) 12x2 – 7x + 1 = 12x2 – 4x- 3x + 1
= 4x (3x – 1 ) -1 (3x – 1)
= (3x -1) (4x -1)
Thus, 12x2 -7x + 3 = (2x – 1) (x + 3)
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3 = 2x2 + x + 6x + 3
= x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)(x + 3)
Thus, 2×2 + 7x + 3 = (2x + 1)(x + 3)
(iii) 6x2 + 5x – 6 = 6x2 + 9x – 4x – 6
= 3x(2x + 3) – 2(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)(3x – 2)
Thus, 6x2 + 5x – 6 = (2x + 3)(3x – 2)
(iv) 3x2 – x – 4 = 3x2 – 4x + 3x – 4
= x(3x – 4) + 1(3x – 4) = (3x – 4)(x + 1)
Thus, 3x2 – x – 4 = (3x – 4)(x + 1)
EX 2.4 QUESTION 5.
Factorise
(i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
(ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
(iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
Solution:
(i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
x3 – x – 2x2 + 2
= x(x2 – 1) – 2(x2 -1) = (x2 – 1)(x – 2)
= [(x)2 – (1)2](x – 2)
= (x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 2)
[∵ (a2 – b2) = (a + b)(a-b)]
Thus, x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 = (x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 2)
(ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
= x3 + x2 – 4x2 – 4x – 5x – 5 ,
= x2 (x + 1) – 4x(x + 1) – 5(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 – 4x – 5)
= (x + 1)(x2 – 5x + x – 5)
= (x + 1)[x(x – 5) + 1(x – 5)]
= (x + 1)(x – 5)(x + 1)
Thus, x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5 = (x + 1)(x – 5)(x +1)
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
= x3 + x2 + 12x2 + 12x + 20x + 20
= x2(x + 1) + 12x(x +1) + 20(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 + 12x + 20)
= (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 10x + 20)
= (x + 1)[x(x + 2) + 10(x + 2)]
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 10)
Thus, x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 10)
(iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
= 2y3 – 2y2 + 3y2 – 3y + y – 1
= 2y2(y – 1) + 3y(y – 1) + 1(y – 1)
= (y – 1)(2y2 + 3y + 1)
= (y – 1)(2y2 + 2y + y + 1)
= (y – 1)[2y(y + 1) + 1(y + 1)]
= (y – 1)(y + 1)(2y + 1)
Thus, 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
= (y – 1)(y + 1)(2y +1)